Tenside composition containing gemini tensides and co-amphiphiles and production and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The subject invention relates to surfactant compositions of gemini surfactants and co-amphiphile(s), to a process for preparing such compositions, and to their uses, especially as emulsifiers and dispersants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a surfactant composition of gemini surfactantsand one or more co-amphiphile(s), to a process for preparing suchcomposition, and to its uses, especially as emulsifiers and dispersants.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Mixtures of surfactants and co-amphiphiles and their use in emulsions ordispersions are well known. These mixtures have been designed foroptimising the surfactant molecules pattern at the phase boundaries.When making emulsions, it is often intended to form liquid-crystalline,lamellar phases, which can be utilised to stabilise the emulsion.

Proportionate mixtures of special surfactants and co-amphiphiles areemployed according to their applications. For those applications whichrequire a high electrolyte content in aqueous solutions oremulsions/dispersions, ionic surfactants have up to now been consideredto be largely unsuitable. In order to improve the selection ofappropriate surfactants, efforts have been made to quantify or classifytheir polarities, thus enabling a more reliable assessment of theproperties and application patterns. The HLB concept and its variationsis mentioned here as an example of a simple approach.

Gemini surfactants, both as nonionic and cationic variants, have beenknown for more than twenty years, but it was not earlier than in the'90s that they stirred up a deeper interest. For a survey of the stateof the art, see R. Zana, “Dimeric (Gemini) Surfactants” in NovelSurfactants Preparation, Applications and Biodegradability, C. Holmberg(ed.), Marcel Dekker (1998), p. 241.

Most of the recent publications deal with ionic gemini surfactantsbecause these materials significantly enhance the interfacial activity,for instance expressed in terms of the critical micelle formationconstant or the reduction in surface tension of water, in comparisonwith conventional surfactants.

At first gemini surfactants were mainly recommended for use indetergents and cleaning products.

JP-A 08/268,865 also describes the use of gemini surfactants in cosmeticpreparations. In the formulations disclosed therein conventional anionicsurfactants have been exchanged for anionic gemini surfactants, whichare considerably less irritant to the skin, without laboriousmodification of the formulations.

EP-A-0 697 244 discloses amphoteric gemini surfactants, which can alsobe mixed with other anionic, nonionic, cationic, or amphotericsurfactants. Said surfactants are reported to be useful in detergents.The gemini surfactants (gemini amides) described in WO 95/19953 can beemployed among others as components in customary cleaning preparations.In WO 95/19955 gemini polyethers have been disclosed as another class ofgemini surfactants, which are useful for the same application mentionedhereinbefore. Mixtures of alkoxylated bisalkylphenol gemini surfactantsand other surfactants are known from WO 97/23449.

In JP-A 11/60430 and JP-A 11/60437 the use of anionic gemini surfactantsin cosmetics has been described. Reportedly, these surfactants can alsobe combined with other surfactants.

However, in contrast to what might be expected due to the substantialimprovement in interfacial activity, no significant increase inefficiency or distinct improvement of application characteristics hasbeen brought about by gemini surfactants as direct substitutes forconventional surfactants. The meagre advantage of such surfactantsubstitution cannot justify the effort of incorporating an additionalbuilding element in the basic structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a compositioncontaining gemini surfactants and auxiliaries (hereinafter termed“surfactant composition”), which will allow to utilise the knownbenefits of gemini surfactants in special uses in the broadest possiblespectrum of applications, thus opening up a commercially interestinglarger field.

According to the present invention, the problem has been solved byproviding surfactant compositions of at least one gemini surfactant andat least one co-amphiphile having an HLB value of less than 6, saidsurfactant composition containing from 1 to 70 wt % of gemini surfactantand from 99 to 30 wt % of coamphiphile, referring to the total quantityof gemini surfactant and co-amphiphile. The preferred embodiments of theinvention are set out in the subordinate claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

It has been found that the surfactant compositions of the inventioncontaining gemini surfactants and co-amphiphiles not only optimisespecific application characteristics, but also present considerablemultifunctionality and greater efficiency, when compared to mixtures ofconventional (non-gemini) surfactants and co-amphiphiles.

Multifunctionality is expressed for example by the surprising fact thatit is possible to disperse a hydrophilic or hydrophobic pigment both inan oil phase and in a water phase (emulsifying and dispersing effect),when using the very same mixture of gemini surfactant and co-surfactant.With several of the surfactant compositions of the invention the degreeof multifunctionality is even so high that one and the same surfactantcomposition is both an excellent emulsifier and dispersant without theneed to adjust the respective emulsifier/dispersant system to theparticular application. With respect to its emulsifying effect, thesurfactant composition of the invention may be termed a gel networkemulsifier.

The oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions prepared with the aid of the surfactantcompositions of the invention are characterised by a substantiallysmaller oil drop size, when applying the “phase transfer temperature”method during production.

The surfactant compositions of the invention impart to the emulsions ordispersions prepared therefrom a degree of electrolyte stability whichup to now has been unknown even with nonionic systems. In comparisonwith known complex emulsifiers, an electrolyte quantity which is greaterby the factor 5 to 10 and which results in the breakdown of conventionalemulsions will not produce this effect if the emulsions contain thecomponents of the invention. The emulsions or dispersions prepared fromthe surfactant compositions of the invention remain stable at pH valueswithin a range from 3 to 12.

Furthermore, the surfactant compositions of the invention havefilm-forming properties, which are particularly favourable regarding thelarge variety of applications, for example skin creams, UV protectants,or hair care products.

In addition to their technical functionality, the products areexceptionally mild. For example, by addition of the surfactantcompositions of the invention to alkylether sulfates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, and other anionic surfactants the irritation potential ofthese substances can be distinctly reduced. The surfactant compositionsare also distinguished by their high affinity for various types ofinterfaces. Besides the technical advantages gained when formulatingdifferent products, also application benefits have been found, such asimproved combability of wet/dry hair, antistatic features, and silkytouch of the skin.

This surprising multifunctionality or universal applicability has up tonow been unknown both in individual surfactants and combinations ofconventional surfactants and co-surfactants. It is now possible todistinctly simplify formulations, shorten formulation development work,and improve logistics. Furthermore, the application formulations thusmade are much more efficient.

For the purpose of the present invention the term “gemini surfactant” isdefined as a surface-active compound consisting of at least (preferably)two surfactant units, i.e., one hydrophilic head group and onehydrophobic group interlinked through at least (preferably) one spacerin proximity to the head group. Gemini surfactants are also termed dimersurfactants because of their specific structure. There exist anionic,nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric gemini surfactants, depending on thekind of head group. However, in contrast to conventional surfactants,which are grouped in the same way, gemini surfactants can also havecombinations of different head groups, mostly combinations of nonionicand ionic groups.

The subject matter of the present invention relates to surfactantcompositions containing anionic, cationic, and/or neutral geminisurfactants. Whenever ionic head groups are combined with nonionic ones,the ionic head group shall be predominant in the resultant geminisurfactant, such that combinations of a nonionic head group and ananionic head group can be classified as anionic gemini surfactant. Thesame applies to combinations of nonionic head groups with cationic oramphoteric ones.

As to the surfactant compositions of the invention, it is morphology(i.e., the relative arrangement of different structural units, namely,hydrophilic groups, spacer, hydrophobic chains) that is essential, thetype of head group is not. Hence, the gemini surfactants of the presentinvention have the following structure:

The preferred gemini surfactants used in the surfactant compositions ofthe invention have nitrogen atoms at the link between spacer,hydrophilic group, and hydrophobic group. More preferably, the geminisurfactants have spacers with amine or amide groups, but also spacersderived from dicarboxylic acids, betainederived hydrophilic double headgroups, optionally presenting side groups obtained by alkoxylation,especially ethoxylation, which head groups may bear sulfonic acid,phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or alcohol groups, includingpolyalcohols, each of which having hydrophobic chains with 5 to 25carbon atoms, which are branched or unbranched and may bear up to twonon-adjacent double bonds.

The following variants of gemini surfactant structures are particularlyuseful for the surfactant compositions of the invention.

-   Variant A: Structures based on amide- or amine-containing spacers-   A.I Gemini surfactants of the general formula (A.I) according to WO    96/14926    -   wherein the substituents have the following meanings:    -   R¹, R³ C₅- to C₂₅-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated;    -   R² C₁- to C₁₂-alkylene;    -   X, Y (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)—FR; x+y≧1, x: 0-15, y: 0-10; and    -   FR —SO₃M, —CH₂—CO₂M, —P(O)(OM)₂, H, —C₃H₆SO₃M; or        —CH₂(CHOH)₄CH₂OH, insofar as x+y=0, wherein M=alkali, (alkyl)        ammonium, alkanol ammonium, H, or ½ alkaline earth.-   A.II Gemini surfactants having dicarboxylic acid-based spacers of    the general formula (A.II) in accordance with WO 96/25388    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (A.I).-   A.III Amphoteric gemini surfactants of the general formula (A.III)    in accordance with WO 97/31890    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (A.I). Gemini surfactants of        the general formula (A.III) are amphoteric compounds, which can        turn into cationic ones if the ambient medium is acidic.-   Variant B: Structures based on amide- or amine-containing spacers-   B.I Gemini surfactants of the general formula (B.I) in accordance    with DE 19622612 or JP-A 10-175934    -   wherein the substituents have the following meanings:    -   R¹, R³ C₅- to C₂₅-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated;    -   R² C₁- to C₁₂-alkylene;    -   A CHR⁴, CH₂, C₂H₄, C₃H₆, C₄H₈;    -   R⁴ aminocarboxylic acid radical; and    -   M alkali, (alkyl) ammonium, alkanol ammonium, H, or ½ alkaline        earth.-   B.II Gemini surfactants of the general formula (B.II) in accordance    with EP 0 708 079    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (B.I) and    -   R⁵, R⁶ represent C₆- to C₃₆-alkyl, branched or unbranched,        saturated, optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently        diunsaturated;    -   X is an alkylene- or alkenylene group having from 1 to 6 carbon        atoms, which may be substituted with a hydroxyl group or a        sulfonic acid group or a carboxy group;    -   Y¹ is a sulfonate- or sulfate group or a carboxyl group, and    -   Y² represents a hydroxyl group, a sulfuric acid residue, or        —O—(CO)X—COOH.-   B.III Gemini surfactants of the general formula (B.III) according to    JP-A-8-311003    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (B.I) and    -   FG represents —COOM or —SO₃M.-   B.IV Gemini surfactants of the general formula (B.IV) according to    JP-A 11-60437    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formulas (B.I) and (B.II) and    -   AO represents alkylene oxide units, i.e. ethyleneglycol-,        propyleneglycol-, and butyleneglycol ether units, alone or        arranged randomly or blockwise, wherein n=1 to 20, and    -   Z is —SO₃M, —C₂H₄SO₃M, —C₃H₆SO₃M, —P(O)(OM)₂ or —CH₂—COOM,        —C₂H₄—COOM.-   Variant C: Structures based on amide- or amine-containing spacers-   C.I Gemini surfactants of the general formula (C.I) according to EP    0-697 244,    -   wherein the substituents have the following meanings:    -   R¹ C₅- to C₂₅-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated,        hydroxy-substituted or perfluorinated;    -   R² C₁- to C₁₂-alkylene or hydroxy-substituted derivatives        thereof;    -   B an amide group [—C(O)N(R²)— or —N(R⁵)C(O)—], a carboxyl group        [—C(O)O— or —OC(O)—], a polyether group [—O(R⁶—O)_(x)—];    -   R⁵ C₁- to C₄-alkyl or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or H;    -   R⁶ C₂- to C₄-alkylene;    -   x a number from 1 to 20;    -   R³ C₁- to C₁₂-alkyl or hydroxy-substituted derivatives thereof,    -    R⁷-D-R⁷ or a polyether group [—O(R⁶—O)_(x)—];    -   R⁷ C₁- to C₆-alkylene or hydroxy-substituted derivatives        thereof;    -   D —O—, —S—, —N(R⁸)—;    -   R⁴ alkylene or alkylaryl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or the        hydroxy-substituted derivatives or R⁹-D¹-R⁹;    -   R⁸ C₁- to C₁₂-alkyl or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or H or        R⁹-D¹-R⁹;    -   R⁹ C₁- to C₆-alkylene or hydroxy-substituted derivatives thereof        or aryl;    -   D¹ -O—, —S—, —SO₂—, —C(O)—, [—O(R⁷—O)_(x)—],        (R¹⁰)_(t)[N(R¹⁰)]_(z), or aryl;    -   R¹⁰ C₁- to C₁₂-alkyl or hydroxy-substituted alkyl or H or aryl;    -   t, z are independently a number from 1 to 4, and    -   Y is independently —SO₃H, O—SO₃H, —OP(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)₂,    -    —COOH, —CO₂—C₆H₄—SO₃H and the salts thereof.-   C.II Gemini surfactants of the general formula (C.II) according to    EP 0 697 245    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (C.I) and    -   R¹¹ is C₅- to C₂₃-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated,        hydroxy-substituted or perfluorinated or R¹⁴—B—R²;    -   R¹⁴ is C₁- to C₁₂-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated,        or the hydroxy-substituted derivatives;    -   R¹² means C₁- to C₁₂-alkylene, branched or unbranched,        saturated, optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently        diunsaturated, or the hydroxy-substituted derivatives, or an        amide group [—C(O)N(R²)— or —N(R⁵)C(O)—], a carboxyl group        [—C(O)O— or —OC(O)—], a polyether group [—O(R⁶—O)_(x)—] or        R⁹-D¹-R⁹ and    -   A is —CR⁶═ or —N═, if whenever A is equal to —N═, R¹¹ represents        R¹⁴—B—R².-   C.III Gemini surfactants of the general formula (C.III) according to    DE 4227391 and DE 19608117    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formulas (C.I) and (C.II) and    -   R²¹ represents C₅- to C₂₃-alkyl, branched or unbranched,        saturated, optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently        diunsaturated;    -   R²², R²⁴ are C₁- to C₆-alkylene;    -   R²³ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or a polyether group        [—O(R⁶—O)_(x)—].-   Variant D:-   D.I Gemini surfactants of the general formula (D.I) according to    U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,886    -   wherein the substituents have the following meanings:    -   R, R¹ C₅- to C₃₀-alkyl, branched or unbranched, saturated,        optionally unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated,        hydroxy-substituted or perfluorinated;    -   R² C₁- to C₁₀-alkylene, arylene, and hydroxy-substituted        derivatives, a polyether [—O(R⁴O)_(x)—], —S—, —SO₂—, —O—, —S—S—,    -    O—R⁵—O—, or —S—R⁵—S—; variable for a direct bond between the        two α-carbons;    -   R⁴ C₂- to C₄-alkylene;    -   R⁵ C₁- to C₁₀-alkylene, arylene or alkyl arylene, —N(R⁶)—, or        —(NR⁶)—R⁷—(NR⁶)—;    -   R⁶ C₁- to C₆-alkyl;    -   R⁷ C₁- to C₆-alkyl, wherein R⁷ and R⁶ can also be part of a        heterocyclic ring;    -   X polyether [—O(R⁴O)_(x)—], wherein x is a number from 1 to 30,        —O—, NZ;    -   Z C₁- to C₁₀-alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or H, and    -   Y, Y¹, are independently H, —CH₂—COOH and salts, a hydrocarbon        radical having at least two hydroxyl groups, such as erythrose,        threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, fructose, lyxose, allose,        altrose, glucose, mannose, galactose and mixtures thereof.-   D.II Gemini surfactants of the general formula (D.II)    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formula (D.I) and    -   AO means —C(O)—, —C(O)—[—O(R⁴O)_(x)—], —CH₂—[—O(R¹⁰)_(x)—],        —CH₂—O—;    -   T, T¹ are independently —OM, —H, —CH₃, —C₂H₅, —SO₃M, —CH₂COOM,    -    —C₂H₄—COOM, —C₃H₆—SO₃M, —O—P(O)(OM)₂ and    -   M is alkyli, ½ alkaline earth, ammonium, mono-, di-,        trialkanolammonium, or H.-   D.III Gemini surfactants of the general formula (D.III) according to    WO 96/16930    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formulas (D.I) and (D.II) and    -   R⁸ is NYY¹, —O(R⁴O)_(x)H or —O(R⁴O)_(x)—C(O)—CHR—CHR¹—C(O)NYY¹.-   D.IV Gemini surfactants of the general formula (D.IV) according to    WO 96/25384    -   wherein the substituents have the meanings as defined        hereinabove by the general formulas (D.I), (D.II), and (D.III)        and    -   t is an integer from 1 to 100, preferably 1 to 20, most        preferably 1 to 4.

The co-amphiphiles employed according to the present invention have anHLB value of <6, calculated by the known formula HLB=E/5 (E means weightpercentage of the hydrophilic moiety of the molecule).

As to the use of surfactant compositions of the present invention inemulsions, those co-amphiphiles which are solid at room temperature(25°) are particularly suitable, whereas for use in dispersions thoseco-amphiphiles which are liquid at room temperature are preferred.Examples of these preferable co-amphiphiles include C₆- to C₄₀-alkylalcohols, especially C₈- to C₂₄-alkyl alcohols, most preferably cetylalcohol or behenyl alcohol, which can be branched or unbranched,saturated or non-adjacently mono- to triunsaturated, acyclic oralicyclic, non-neutralized C₆- to C₂4-alkylcarboxylic acids, preferablyC₈- to C₂₂-alkylcarboxylic acids, which can be branched or unbranched,saturated or non-adjacently mono- to triunsaturated, acyclic oralicyclic, alkylaryl derivatives, sorbitan esters (C₆ to C₂₂),methylglucoside esters (C₆ to C₂₂), sugar esters (C₆ to C₂₂), mono-,di-, and triglycerides of C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acids or mixturesthereof, glycerol mono-di-stearate being particularly preferred,branched or unbranched, saturated or non-adjacently mono- totriunsaturated, mono- and di-glycerides of the aforementioned acids andtheir derivatives which have been further esterified with lactic acidand/or citric acid, C₆- to C₂₂-polyglycerol esters, C₆- toC₂₂-propyleneglycol esters, and also vitamin esters (e.g. vitamin Eacetate, vitamin A palmitate), salicylic acid, benzoic acid, lecithins(of vegetable oils or animals). The alcohols, acids, and mono- anddiglycerides of the aforementioned carboxylic acids are especiallypreferred.

The surfactant compositions of the invention are pre-sent as mixtures offrom 1 to 70 wt %, preferably from 5 to 60 wt %, most preferably from 5to 40 wt % of gemini surfactant or of a mixture of appropriate geminisurfactants and, accordingly, 99 to 30 wt %, preferably 95 to 40 wt %,most preferably 95 to 60 wt % of co-amphiphile. Most preferably, thesurfactant compositions contain the aforementioned constituents in thequantities specified hereinabove. Within the mixing ratios of geminisurfactant(s) and co-amphiphile as specified hereinabove, it is alsopossible to employ mixtures of different co-amphiphiles, e.g. of up tofive, preferably of three. Especially preferable mixtures are those ofdistinctly hydrophobic co-amphiphiles and slightly hydrophilic ones.Their proportions depend on the hydrophilicity of the gemini surfactant,i.e. if the gemini surfactant is very hydrophilic, the portion ofhydrophobic co-amphiphile can be as much as 30 to 60% of theco-amphiphile quantity in the surfactant composition of the invention,with the co-amphiphiles having a difference in HLB value of greater than2 units.

Preferable mixtures are those of long-chain alcohols (C₆- toC₄₀-alcohol, with increasing preference for C₈- to C₂₄-, C₁₄- to C₃₆-,or C₁₄- to C₂₄-alcohol), such as cetyl alcohol or behenyl alcohol,glycerol mono-di-stearate (GMS), and glycerol monostearate esterifiedwith citric acid, or according to another embodiment of the surfactantcomposition of long-chain alcohols, such as cetyl alcohol or behenylalcohol or erucic alcohol, GMS, and stearic acid, the mixtures ofbehenyl alcohol, GMS, and glycerol monostearate esterified with citricacid are most preferable.

Preferable surfactant compositions independently have besides

-   -   the gemini surfactant, preferably in quantities of from 5 to 25        wt %, most preferably from 10 to 20 wt %, referring to the        gemini surfactant/co-amphiphile(s) composition,        at least two, preferably three of the different co-amphiphiles        as defined hereinafter:    -   (a) one or more long-chain alcohol(s):        -   C₆- to C₄₀-alcohol, with increasing preference for C₈- to            C₂₄-, C₁₄- to C₃₆—, or C₁₄- to C₂₄-al-cohol,    -   (b) one or more long-chain acid(s):        -   C₆- to C₂₄-, preferably C₈- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid,    -   (c) one or more ester(s)/partial ester(s) of a polyol with one        or more mono- or polycarboxylic acid(s):        -   sorbitan(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester,        -   methylglucoside(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester,        -   sugar(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester,        -   mono-, di-, and triglyceride of a C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic            acid,        -   derivative (esterified with lactic acid or citric acid) of            the mono- and diglycerides of C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid,        -   polyglycerol(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester,        -   propyleneglycol(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester,        -   vitamin ester,    -   (d) and the following additional co-amphiphiles:        -   salicylic acid,            -   benzoic acid and/or            -   lecithin.

According to another embodiment, the surfactant compositions of thepresent invention preferably have at least two, more preferably at leastthree of the co-amphiphiles specified hereinbelow:

-   (a) one or more long-chain alcohol(s) as defined hereinabove    under (a) in quantities of from 30 to 50 wt %,-   (c1) a glycerol derivative, e.g. a mono-, di-, and triglyceride of    C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid, or a compound with similar HLB values,    in quantities of from 30 to 50 wt %, or-   (b)(c2) a derivative (esterified with lactic acid or citric acid) of    the mono- and diglycerides of C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid and/or a    C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid in quantities of from 5 to 25 wt %,    preferably from 10 to 20 wt %,    each based on the gemini surfactant/co-amphiphiles composition.

Preferably, the long-chain alcohol is at least one of the co-amphiphilesemployed herein, and an ester of a polyol with one or more mono- orpolycarboxylic acid(s), preferably with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, is theother (an additional) co-amphiphile.

Preferable co-amphiphiles have independently been specified hereinbelowin the patent claims.

For example, when using five co-amphiphiles, the composition of theinvention preferably contains besides the gemini surfactant thefollowing co-amphiphiles in quantities of from 5 to 25 wt %, preferablyfrom 5 to 20 wt %: co-amphiphile 1 long-chain alcohol as defined under(a), in quantities of from 20 to 50%, preferably from 20 to 35 wt %,co-amphiphile 2 an ester/partial ester of a polyol with one or moremono-or polycarboxylic acid(s) as defined under (c), especially GMS or acompound with a comparable HLB value, in quantities of from 20 to 50 wt%, preferably from 20 to 35 wt %, co-amphiphile 3 5 to 25%, preferably10 to 20 wt %, co-amphiphile 4 5 to 25%, preferably 10 to 20 wt %, andco-amphiphile 5 5 to 25%, preferably 10 to 20 wt %.

According to a particularly preferable embodiment of the presentinvention, the composition is as follows: Gemini surfactant  5 to 15 wt% Glycerolmono-distearate 30 to 40 wt % Behenyl alcohol 35 to 45 wt %and Glycerylstearate citrate 10 to 20 wt %.

The gemini surfactant employed herein is most preferably a type (a) oneas defined hereinabove.

Without limiting the present invention to the mechanism set forthherein, it is assumed that the surfactant compositions of the inventionshow a surprisingly pronounced tendency to form distinct,liquid-crystalline lamellar phases or vesicular structures withexceptional interfacial elasticity, thus allowing to prepare in a veryefficient way finely dispersed, stable emulsions or very stabledispersions. The liquid-crystalline lamellar phases obtained by the aidof the surfactant compositions of the invention occupy very large spacesin the phase diagrams of the application formulations. Theseliquid-crystalline lamellar phases can stabilize as a gel network therespective formulations and/or can be utilized as a viscosity-impartingthird phase for adjusting viscosity and spreading of the individualsystems.

In O/W emulsions, i.e. in the presence of oil and water, the surfactantcomposition of the invention forms a third phase, depending on themixing ratio. This third phase is a three-dimensional network, whichstabilizes the separation between oil and water (water hardness isnegligible when using anionic gemini surfactants) and increases theviscosity of the mixture. Hence, stabilization is further enhanced sothat for example “reaming” is considerably retarded or even completelysuppressed with optimal formulations. The softening point of the gelnetwork is important for the stability of a gel network-stabilizedemulsion. The softening point is heavily influenced by the melting pointof the alcohol employed as a co-amphiphile. Therefore, only long-chainalcohols are employed herein.

It has been unexpectedly found with the surfactant compositions of thepresent invention that the very same combination can be utilized both asan extremely effec-tive emulsifier with respect to the polarity of theoil/oil mixtures employed (including silicone oil) and as a veryefficient dispersant with respect to the surface of the dispersedpigment (hydrophilically or hydrophobically coated) and to the medium(dispersed in oil or water). It has so far been argued by those skilledin the art that different tasks, e.g. dispersion of a hydrophilicpigment in water or dispersion of a hydrophilic surfactant in oil,require individual solutions, i.e. individual dispersant or emulsifiercombinations of gemini surfactant plus co-amphiphile(s).

It has also been surprisingly found that the surfactant compositions ofthe invention show very high pH- and electrolyte tolerances, thusreducing the lipid peroxide concentration, when using said mixture in acream or lotion. Combinations with anionic surfactants have so far beenconsidered very sensitive to electrolytes in formulations.

Process for Preparing the Aforesaid Surfactant Compositions

The phase transfer temperature method (PTT method) is a particularlypreferable method of producing the surfactant compositions of theinvention as emulsions with extremely small droplet size of thediscontinuous phase (e.g. <1 μm). The PTT method has been modeled on thephase inversion method of producing ethoxylated surfactants (K. Shinoda,H. Saito, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 34 (1969) p. 238, incorporated byreference herein) insofar as this method, too, makes use of phasetransition with extremely low interfacial tension. The phase transitionis characterized by transition from a micellar phase to a predominantlylamellar one. The co-amphiphile is combined shortly above the criticaltemperature (defined by melting point and solubility of theco-amphiphile in the oil phase) with the phase, which contains theaqueous gemini surfactant and which temperature is shortly below thecritical one. When mixing the two phases, the co-amphiphile is probablyabsorbed to a higher degree in the micelles of the gemini surfactants.This effect is probably accelerated by the decreasing solubility in theoil phase as the temperature drops. The mixture thus obtained displays astrong tendency to form a liquid-crystalline, lamellar phase, which infact is rapidly formed due to the rapidly growing micelles, thusresulting in surprisingly small and stable oil droplets with diametersaccording to this invention of preferably <1 μm.

For the production of surfactant compositions according to the presentinvention, this method is much more suitable than conventionalemulsifying methods (see survey by J. Britto, Euro Cosmietics, 7-8(1998), p. 30). However, when employing the PTT method for mixtures ofconventional surfactants and co-amphiphiles, their properties normallywill not improve.

Examples of Applications

Examples of practicable applications are given below by way ofillustration. The surfactant compositions of the present invention arepreferably used as emulsifying or dispersing aids, as additives forconventional anionic (non-gemini) surfactants, or as additives for skinand hair cleaning formulations. The surfactant compositions of theinvention are suitable for formulating O/W—, W/O-emulsions (e.g. withuse of lecithin as a co-amphiphile) and microemulsions.

In addition, they are useful in cosmetics, body care and dermatologicalproducts, agrochemicals, coating materials, such as paints and lacquers(as dispersant, primer agent, additive for improving the dispersion anddroplet size distribution of the organic phase in water-based lacquers),or in (printing) inks. Moreover, the emulsifying and dispersingproperties of the surfactant compositions of the present invention makethem appropriate for facilitating or improving pharmaceuticalapplications, e.g. for the controlled release of pharmaceuticals.

Hence, a special embodiment of the instant invention relates to cosmeticand dermatological preparations, such as cleaning emulsions, face andbody care preparations, hair and scalp care products, mouth and teethhygienical preparations, cosmetic and dermatological sun-screenproducts, and cosmetic deodorants.

The surfactant compositions of the invention are useful in the followingformulations of body care, cosmetic, or dermatological preparations:pump sprays, aerosol sprays, creams, ointments, tinctures, lotions, nailcare products (e.g. nail varnish, nail varnish remover, nail balm), bodylotions, aftershave preparations, skin clarifiers, tanning creams,water-resistant sunscreen creams or lotions, beauty cosmetics (lipsticks, eyeliners), shampoos, antidandruffs shampoos, hair treatmentproducts, hair conditioners, hair rinses, baby shampoos, permanent wavepreparations, hair relaxer formulations (e.g. relaxer kits for removingringlets), washing gels, shower/bathing gels and additives, handwashlotions, deodorants (e.g. rollon, stick, spray), dental care products,denture cleaners, gargles, foam baths, oil baths, oil foam baths, makeupremovers, especially eye makeup removers, face cleaning creams, haircreams (pomades), moisturizing creams, skin care creams, such as daytypecreams (with or without sunscreen agent), foot creams,liposome-containing gels, hair conditioning gels, depilatories (e.g. incream form), shaving gels or foams, massage creams, cosmetic masks,foundation creams, hair-curling preparations, hair dyes, bar soap(combibar type), synthetic soaps (syndets), and liquid handwash soaps.

Examples of other components, which can be combined with the surfactantcompositions of the present invention in body care or cosmeticpreparations, include alkyl sarcosinates, cellulose- and guarderivatives, aromatic oils, lavender-, aniseed-, rosemary-, spruce-, andlarch oil, tea-tree (melaleuca alternifolia) oil, or calendula oil,evening-primrose (oenothera biennis) oil, mouth care aromatic oils (e.g.“Dragoco ZM 0065”), perfume oils, cosmetic oils, such as avocado-,jojoba oils, or aloe vera; dialkylated acetic acid, UV absorbers (asdefined by EU directive 76/768/CEE and its appendices and amendments),dihydroxyacetone, benzophenone, octyltriazone, methoxycinnamic acid andthe derivatives thereof, melanine and its derivatives, long-chaindialkyl ethers, methylbenzylidene camphor, esters of salicylic acid,hyaluronic acid and its derivatives, cyclodextrines (void, e.g. as anodor inhibitor, or packed, e.g. with fragrances and/or drugs), vitamins,such as vitamin A or E, vitamin derivatives, such as vitamin Apalmitate, squalane, squalene, β-carotene and other dyestuffs,tocopherol and tocopherol derivatives (e.g. tocopherol acetate), retinylpalmitate, bisabolol, dipanthenol, ascorbic acid, antioxidants,vegetable steroids (e.g. ergosterol and β-sitosterol) and theirderivatives, cholesterol and its derivatives, parabenes and theirderivatives (e.g. methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl parabene),pcarlescent agents, anti-inflammatory agents, ceramides,pseudoccramidcs, imidazolidinyl urea, diiso-arachidyl dilinoleate,polymerse (e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxyvinyl polymers, maleicanhydride-oleate copolymers, polyethyleneglycol mono- or -diesters,polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, polysaceharides, polyacrylates, fluorinatedhydrocarbons), cationic polymers (e.g. diethyldiallyl ammoniumchloride/acrylamide copolymers, antiperspiration agents (e.g. aluminium-or circonium salts), citric acid, lactic acid, octylmethoxycinnamate,phospholipids, sodium pyrrolidone carboxylate, gelatin, alginates,albumin, collagen and its derivatives, beeswax, wax esters of long-chaincarboxylic acids (branched or unbranched) and long-chain alcohols(branched or unbranched), dimethyl siloxanes (acyclic, cyclic, volatileto oily), phenyltrimethicone, xanthane rubber, starch derivatives,glycerol, ascorbic acid, polyethyleneglycols, such as their mono- anddicarboxylic acid esters, fatty acid mono-, -di-, and -triglycerides andtheir derivatives (-sulfates, -citrates, -lactylates, -lactates,-tartrates), carnauba wax, lecithin, chlorohexidine salts, benzethoniumchloride, benzalkonium chloride, triclosane, triclocarbane,methylchloroisothiazoline, methylisothiazoline, chloroxylenol,DMDM-hydantoin, alkyltrimethylammonium-bromide, salicylic acid and itsderivatives, inosite derivatives, acylated ethylenediamine derivatives,colorants approved for cosmetic applications (as defined in thepublication “Kosmetische Färbernittel” [Cosmetic Colorants] by theColorants Commission of the German Society for the Advancement ofScientific Research, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim (1984), p. 81 ff.) andalcohols of C₆- to C₂₄-, guerbet alcohols and -acids.

Further constituents are:

antioxidants, e.g. selected from the group of amino acids (e.g.glycerol, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) and their derivatives,imidazoles (e.g. urocanine acid) and their derivatives, peptides, suchas DL-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine, and their derivatives (e.g.“Anserin X”), carotinoids, carotenes (e.g. α-carotene, β-carotene,lycopine) and their derivatives, liponic acid and its derivatives (e.g.dihydroliponic acid), aurothioglucose, and other thiols (e.g.thioredoxine, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cyftamine and theirglycosyl-, N-acetyl-, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, amyl-, butyl-, andlauryl-, palmitoyl-, oleyl-, linoleyl-, cholesteryl-, and glycerylesters) and the salts thereof, dilaurylthio-dipropionate,distearylthiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and its derivatives(esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts)and sulfoximine compounds, homocysteine sulfoxiniine,buthionine-sulfones, penta-, hexa-, heptathioninesulfoxiniine) in verysmall compatible quantities, and also (metal-)-chelators (e.g.α-hydroxyfatty acids, palmitic acids, phytinic acids, lactoferrinic-,-hydroxy acids (e.g. citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, humic acid,bile acid), bile extract, bilirebine, biliverdine, EDTA, and theirderivatives, unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives (e.g.γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, folic acid and theirderivatives), ubiquinone and ubiquinol and their derivatives, vitamin Cand derivatives (e.g. ascorbyl palmitate, Mg-ascorbyl phosphate,ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (e.g. vitamin E acetate),vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and conylcrylbenzoate ofbenzoic resin, rufinic acid and its derivatives, ferulic acid and itsderivatives, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisol, nordihydroguajakuric acid, nordihydroguajaret acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acidand its derivatives, mannose and its derivatives, zinc and itsderivatives (e.g. Zn0, ZnS0₄), selenium and its derivatives (e.g.selenium methionine), stilbenes and their derivatives (e.g. stilbeneoxide, transstilbene oxide) and the derivatives (salts, esters, ethers,sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides, and lipids) of theaforementioned active agents. The antioxidants (one or more compound(s))in the preparations are preferably used in quantities of from 0.001 to30 wt %, more preferably from 0.05 to 20 wt %, most preferably from 1 to10 wt %, referring to the total quantity of the preparation.

If the antioxidant(s) is (are) vitamin E and/or its derivatives, thepreferable concentration is from 0.001 to 10 wt %, referring to thetotal quantity of the formulation. If the antioxidant(s) is (are)vitamin A or its derivatives or carotenes or their derivatives, thepreferable concentration is from 0.001 to 10 wt %, referring to thetotal quantity of the formulation.

Further constituents are:

UVB filters (oil-soluble or water-soluble), examples of oil-solublesubstances include: 3-benzylidene camphor and its derivatives, e.g.3,4,4-trimethylbenzylidene camphor, 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives,preferably 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (2-ethylhexyl)ester,4-dimethylamino-benzoic acid-amylester, esters of cinnamic acid,prefer-ably 4-methoxycinnamic acid(2-ethylhexyl)ester,4-meth-oxycinnamic acid isopentyl ester; esters of salicylic acid,preferably salicylic acid(2-ethylhexyl)ester, salicylicacid(4-isopropylbenzyl)ester, salicylic acid homomethyl ester;derivatives of benzophenone, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone,2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-methylbenzophenone,2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzo-phenone; esters of benzylmalonic acid;examples of useful water-soluble substances include2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and its salts, e.g. sodium-,potassium-, or triethanol ammonium salts, sulfonic acid derivatives ofbenzophenones and their salts, sulfonic acid derivatives of3-benzylidene camphor and their salts.

UVA flitters, preferably derivatives of dibenzoyl ethane or inorganicpigments (especially Zn0), which are usually present in cosmetic and/ordermatologic preparations.

For the protection of the skin from UV rays (UVA and UVB), it is alsocustomary to employ inorganic pigments in cosmetic preparations, such asoxides of titanium, zinc, iron, zirconium, silicon, manganese,aluminium, cerium, and mixtures thereof, and combinations (e.g. Ti— andFe oxides), wherein the oxides are the active agents. In general, theaforementioned metal oxides have a hydrophilic (e.g. glycerol) or ahydrophobic coating, e.g. alkyl silanes or metal soaps.

Furthermore, the surfactant compositions of the invention are useful asadditives, e.g. emulsifiers, or application parameter additives. Theycan be utilized in pesticides, especially fungicides, herbicides (e.g.with active agents like glyphosates or sulfosates), insecticides,nematocides, acaricides, and growth regulators. They emulsify the activeagents to form stable sprays, which allow excellent wetting of thetreated objects and con trolled release of the active substances for aprolonged period.

The surfactant compositions of the invention can also be used indecoction agents for cotton (scouring), raw wool detergents, millingagents, levelling agents, melting and preparing agents, resistingagents, reviving agents, dispersions, antielectrostatic agents,detaching agents, animal skin degreasing agents, tanning auxiliaries,and dressing/currying agents.

The surfactant compositions of the invention are also useful indisinfectants, wherein they can be combined with any customarydisinfecting substances, such as phenols, cresols, chlorohexidine salts,benzethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, triclosane, triclocarbane,methylchloroisothiazolidine, chloroxylenol, DMDM-hydantoin, and alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.

Moreover, the surfactant compositions of the invention can be employedas dispersants in coating materials. For example, they effectivelydisperse and stabilize pigments in waterdilutable paints. Examples ofdispersible in organic pigments include titanium oxide, iron oxide,cerium oxide, aluminium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate,talc powder, kaolin, barium sulfate, aluminium- and zirconium salts,zinc oxide, silicates, and alumosilicates. Examples of organic pigmentsinclude phthalocyanine green and -blue, carbon black, and graphite. Thesurfactant compositions of the invention can also be employed inemulsion paints, wherein they disperse pigments and polymeric binderparticles, stabilize the emulsion, and improve substrate wetting, e.g.in primers. In addition, the surfactant compositions of the inventionare useful as dispersants and/or stabilizers in (printing) inks.

The surfactant compositions of the invention are also suitable asdispersants in therapeutical preparations. These applications aresimilar to those of cosmetics (creams, ointments, lotions, etc.).

Yet another application of the surfactant compositions of the instantinvention is in emulsion- or suspension polymerization, e.g. forproducing (meth)acrylate-, vinylacetate-, or vinylpropionate emulsionsfor paints or adhesives, or (co)polymer emulsions of acrylamide, acrylicacid, acrylates, acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, styrene and/orbutadiene, which are produced by radical-initiated polymerization, e.g.with azoisobutyronitrile as a starter.

Prior to use in any of the aforementioned applications, the surfactantcompositions of the invention can also be mixed with other components.These additional components (or additives) can be admixed prior to useor insitu.

Additives can be surfactants or completely different constituentsusually employed in formulations, agents, mixtures, prepartions etc. forthe respective applications. These additives are specified hereinbelow.The expert knows which one is appropriate for the respective applicationor formulation. Examples of preferable additives include enzymes, enzymestabilizers, bleaching systems, chelating agents, optical brighteners,and foam inhibitors.

Besides gemini surfactants, the surfactants specified hereinbelow can beadditionally employed as combinations or alone in the applications ofthe gemini surfactants defined herein. These surfactants can be used inquantities of from 0.1 to 99.9 wt %, based on the total quantity of thedifferent surfactants used in the formulation. The non-limiting examplesof non-ionic surfactants given herein include fatty acid glycerides,fatty acid polyglycerides, fatty acid esters, alkoxylates of higheralcohols, alkoxylated fatty acid glycerides,polyoxyethyleneoxypropyleneglycol fatty acid esters, polyoxy-ethylenesorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-castor oil derivatives ordehydrated castor oil is derivatives, polyoxyethylene lanolinderivatives, polyoxy-ethylene fatty acid amides, polyoxyethylenealkylamines, derivatives of alkanolamines, alkylaminoxides, derivativesof protein hydrolysates, hydroxy mixed ethers, alkylmono- or-polyglycosides and alkylglucamides (e.g. N-methylalkyl-glucamides).

Examples of anionic surfactants, which are suitable for the aforesaidcombinations, include soaps, ethercarboxylic acids and their salts,alkylsulfonates, α-olefin sulfonates, α-sulfofatty acid derivatives(including those specified in VVO 93/25646), dicarbonates (as defined inDE-A-196 22 612), sulfonates of higher fatty acid esters, higher alcoholsulfates (primary and secondary), alcohol ether sulfates, hydroxy mixedether sulfates, sulfates and carbonates of alkoxylated carboxylic acidalkanol amides, salts of phosphate esters, taurides, isethionates,linear alkyl benzene sulfonates, bridged alkyl benzene sulfonates, i.e.dialkylmono- or -disulfonates of diphenyl ethers, alkylarylsulfonates,sulfates of polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides and derivatives ofacylaminoacids, alkylethercarboxylic acids, alkyl- anddialkylsulfosuccinates, alkenylsulfosuccinates, alkyl- oralkenylsarcosinates, and sulfated glycerol alkylethers.

Examples of cationic surfactants, which are suitable for the aforesaidcombinations, include alkyltrimethyl-ammonium salts,dialkyldimethylammonium salts, alkyldi-methylbenzylammonium salts,imidazolinium derivatives, alkylpyrdinium salts, quaternized fatty acidesters of alkanolamines, alkylisoquinolinium salts, benzethoniumchlorides, and cationic acylaminoacid derivatives.

Examples of ampholytic and betainic surfactants, which are suitable forthe aforesaid combinations, include carbobetaines, e.g.coco-acylamidopropyldimethylbetaine, acylamidopentanediethylbetaine,dimethylammoniohexanoate-acylamidopropane-(or -ethane-)dimethyl-(or-diethyl-)-betaine, each with carbon chain lengths of from 10 to 18,sulfobetaines, imidazoline derivatives, soybean oil lipids, andlecithin. The aforementioned amine-N-oxides can also be present inpolymeric form, wherein a ratio of amine to amine-N-oxide of from 10:1to 1:1,000,000 and an average molecular mass of from 500 to 1,000,000,most preferably from 5,000 to 100,000 is required.

Examples of additional components, which can be employed alone or ascombinations with the surfactant compositions of the invention, includecarriers, hydrotropes, process auxiliaries, dyestuffs or pigments,perfumes, solvents for liquid formulations (most preferably alcoholswith 1 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 hydroxy groups), solid fillers forbar soap formulations, pearlescent agents (e.g. distearoyl glycerides),preservatives, or buffers. If higher foaming power of a formulation isdesirable, e.g. when employed in body care products, C₁₀- to C₁₆-alkanolamides can be added in quantities of from 1 to 10 wt %, referring to thetotal formulation. Moreover, additional water-soluble magnesium saltscan be added in quantities of from 0.1 to 2 wt % in order to enhancefoaming and fat dissolving power. Optionally, a few of theaforementioned surfactant compositions can also be incorporated in theformulation after they have been stabilized by adsorption onhydrophobic, porous substances and sealed with another hydrophobic coat.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate several embodiments of the presentinvention.

Preparation of Emulsions

The micropigments utilized herein are titanium dioxide coated withaluminium and glycerol (“UV Titan M 212” manufactured by Kemira,Finland) and zinc oxide coated with dimethicone (INCI nomenclature)(“Z-Cote HP 1” manufactured by Sun Smart, USA). For comparison,commercially available emulsions are employed and analyzed. Emulsion inwater: “Tioveil AQ” (manufacturer: Tioxide), approx. 40 wt % titaniumdioxide dispersed in water Emulsion in oil: “Tioveil MIG” (manufacturer:Tioxide), approx. 40 wt % titanium dioxide dispersed in capric-/caprylictriglyceride (e.g., “Miglyol 812” of CONDEA Chemie GmbH)

The particle size distribution was measured by laser light scattering.The gemini surfactant mixtures of other surfactant compositions of thesubject invention showed similar characteristics. They are included inthe following tables as particle wt %<1 μm. Gemini Surfactant Variant A(Formula) Structure A.A R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, (A.I) X = Y= (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)SO₃Na, wherein x = 14, y = 0 A.B R¹ = R³ =C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, (A.I) X = Y = (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)H,wherein x = 14, y = 0 A.C R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, (A.I) X =Y = (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)SO₃TIPA, wherein x = 11, y = 0; TIPA =triisopropanol ammonium A.D R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, (A.I) X= Y = (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)SO₃Na, wherein x = 11, y = 0 A.E R¹ = R³ =C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, (A.I) X = Y = (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O)_(y)CH₂CO₂Na,wherein x = 14, y = 0

Gemini Surfactant Variant B (Formula) Structure B.A R¹ = R³ =C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, A = CH₂, M = Na (B.I) B.B R⁵ = R⁶ =C₁₂H₂₅/C₁₄H₂₉, X = C₂H₄, (B.II) Y¹ = CO₂Na, Y² = —O—C(O)—C₂H₄—CO₂Na B.CR⁵ = R⁶ = C₁₂H₂₅/C₁₄H₂₉, X = C₂H₄, (B.II) Y¹ = CO₂Na, Y² =—O—C(O)—C₂H₄—CO₂Na B.D R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R² = C₂H₄, A = C₂H₄,(B.III) FG = —SO₃Na

Gemini Surfactant Variant C (Formula) Structure C.A R¹ = C₁₁H₂₃, B =C₂H₄, R³ = CH₂, R⁴ = C₂H₄, Y = COONa (C.I) C.B R¹ = C₁₄H₂₉, B = C₂H₄, R³= C₂H₄, R⁴ = C₂H₄, Y = COONa (C.I) C.C R¹¹ = C₁₂ H₂₅ —C(O)—C₂H₄—, A = N,R¹² = C₂H₄, (C.II) R⁴ = C₂H₄, Y = OH C.D R²¹ = C₁₁H₂₃/C₁₃H₂₇, R²², R²³,R²⁴ = C₂H₄ (C.V)

Gemini Surfactant Variant D (Formula) Structure D.A R, R¹ = —C₁₁H₂₃, R²= —S—, X = NZ, Z = —CH₃, (D.I) Y, Y¹ = glucosyl residue D.B R, R¹ =—C₁₁H₂₃, R² = single bond, AO = —C(O)—, (D.II) T, T¹ = OM, M = Na D.C R,R¹ = C₁₂H₂₄, R⁸ = NYY1, Y = —CH₃, Y¹ = glucosyl (D.III) residue D.D R⁵ =—C₂H₃═, R = C₁₂H₂₄, R⁴ = C₂H₄, x = 3, T, T¹ = H (D.IV)

Example 1 Preparation of Pigment Emulsions in Water Batch Size: 100 g

The gemini surfactant and the co-amphiphile were dissolved in water at80° C. until a slightly turbid, homogeneous emulsion was obtained. Aftercooling of the aqueous surfactant phase to approx. 30° C., the pigmentwas dispersed in the aqueous phase with stirring. The emulsion then washomogenized by stirring for five minutes with an Ultra-Turrax stirrerrunning at max. peripheral velocity. Components wt % (m/m) Geminisurfactant 4.25 C₈-C₁₀ fatty alcohol 0.75 Water 45.00 Pigment 50.00

After 24 hours at room temperature, the particle size distribution wasmeasured. Gemini Median/Particle Size Pigment Surfactant Distribution(μm) Titanium dioxide A.A 0.37 (UV Titan M212, Kemira) A.B 0.33 A.C 0.38A.D 0.37 A.E 0.36 Zinc oxide A.A 0.37 (Z-Cote HP 1, Sun Smart) A.B 0.37A.C 0.38 A.D 0.37 A.E 0.39 Titanium dioxide B.A 0.38 (UV Titan M212,Kemira) B.B 0.33 C.A 0.37 C.B 0.36 D.A 0.37 D.B 0.34

Example 2 Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Emulsions in Oil Batch Size:100 g

The gemini surfactant and the co-surfactant were dissolved in oil(Miglyol 812, CONDEA Chemie GmbH) at 80° C. until a slightly turbid,homogeneous emulsion was obtained. After cooling of the surfactant phaseto approx. 30° C., the pigment was admixed to the oil phase withstirring. The emulsion then was homogenized by stirring for five minuteswith an Ultra-Turrax stirrer running at max. peripheral velocity.Components wt % (m/m) Gemini surfactant 6.00 Co-amphiphie, cetyl alcohol1.00 Miglyol ® 812 58.00 UV Titan M212 35.00

After 24 hours at room temperature, the particle size distribution wasmeasured. Gemini Median/Particle Size Pigment Surfactant Distribution(μm) Titanium oxide A.A 0.45 (UV Titan M212, Kemira) A.B 0.37 A.C 0.44A.D 0.42 A.E 0.38 B.A 0.45 B.B 0.37 C.A 0.44 C.D 0.43 D.A 0.44 D.D 0.43

Example 3 Preparation of Zinc Oxide Emulsions in Oil Batch Size: 100 g

The gemini surfactant and the co-amphiphile were dissolved in oil(Miglyol® 812, CONDEA Chemie GmbH) at 80° C. until a slightly turbid,homogeneous emulsion was obtained. After cooling of the surfactant phaseto approx. 30° C., the pigment was admixed to the oil phase withstirring. The emulsion then was homogenized by stirring for five minuteswith an Ultra-Turrax stirrer running at max. peripheral velocity.Components wt % (m/m) Gemini surfactant 4.50 Co-amphiphie, cetyl alcohol0.80 Miglyol 812 44.70 Z-Cote HP 1 50.00

After 24 hours at room temperature, the particle size distribution wasmeasured. Variant A Gemini Median/Particle Size Pigment SurfactantDistribution (μm) Zinc oxide A.A 0.41 (Z-Cote HP 1, Sun Smart) A.B 0.37A.C 0.41 A.D 0.40 A.E 0.45 B.A 0.41 B.D 0.40 C.A 0.42 C.B 0.38 D.A 0.42D.B 0.38

Example 4

A combination of gemini surfactant, glyceryl stearate, glyceryl stearatecitrate, and fatty alcohol was employed as a complex emulsifier: ComplexEmulsifier A.A [wt %] Gemini surfactant A.A 10.00 Glycerolmono- 35.00distearate Behenyl alcohol 40.00 Glyceryl stearate citrate 15.00

Formulation [wt %] Complex emulsifier 1.90 A.A Miglyol 812 63.10 UVTitan M212 35.00Procedure

-   -   Dissolve emulsifier in oil at 80° C.,    -   allow to cool to 30° C.    -   Slowly admix pigment,    -   then disperse for 15 minutes at 1,500 rpm

Analytical Results (PSA=Particle Size Analysis) D-3-2/0 Tioveil Fin PSAMedian [μm] 0.35 0.33 <1 μm [%] 96.5 92.0 Median [μm] 0.34 0.35 <1 μm[%] 96.4 91.6 Rheology Flow point [mPa] 5,000 not determined Viscosity(at 1 s⁻¹) [mPas] 31,200 not determined

Example 5

The following formulation allowed to disperse a hydrophobically coatedzinc oxide. Formulation [wt %] Complex emulsifier A.A 2.0 Miglyol 81247.70 Z-Cote HP 1 50.00

Procedure

-   -   Dissolve emulsifier in oil at 80° C., allow to cool to 30° C.    -   Slowly admix pigment, then disperse for 15 minutes at 1,500 rpm

This system, too, proved that the complex emulsifier is an efficientdispersant in oil:

Analytical Results (PSA=Particle Size Analysis) D-3-4/0 PSA Median [μm]0.38 <1 μm [%] 84.0 Median [μm] 0.38 <1 μm [%] 86.1 Rheology Flow point[mPa] 14,100 Viscosity (at 1 s⁻¹) [mPas] 39,200Emulsions

Example 6 Comparative Example

Conventional Preparation of O/W Emulsions Brand Manufacturer CTFA/INCINomenclature wt % Phase A Tego Care 450 Th. Polyglyceryl-3 methyl 5.00Goldschmidt glucose distearate Alternative: Gemini surfactant CondeaCetyl alcohol 4.00 A.F or B.C, each Henkel 1.00 plus Lanette 16 Miglyol812 N CONDEA Caprylic/capric triglyceride 6.00 Crodamol OP Croda2-Ethylhexyl palmitate 2.00 Eutanol G Henkel Octyldodecanol 2.00Softisan 100 CONDEA Hydrogenated 3.00 coco-clycerides Phase B Pricerina9091 Unichema Glycerol 3.00 Demin. Wasser Aqua 78.50 Phase C PhenonipNipa Phenoxyethanol 0.50 methylparabene, propylparabene, butylparabeneTotal 100.00Legend:Gemini A.F: R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃—/C₁₃H₂₇-1 R² = C₂H₄, X = Y =(C₂H₄0—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y); SO₃Na, wherein x = 17, y = 0 (A.I)Preparation of Emulsion by Conventional Method:

-   -   Heat phases A and B separately to 75° C.    -   Admix phase A to phase B at 75° C. and homogenize for 1 minute        at 75° C.    -   Cool the emulsion to room temperature with gentle stirring

The O/W emulsion prepared with Tego Care 450 had a viscosity of 20,600mPa s (shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.) and an average droplet size in therange from 2 to 6 μm.

The O/W emulsion prepared with gemini A.F and cetyl alcohol had aviscosity of s<1,000 mPas (shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.). The droplet sizewas unsatisfactory. The O/W emulsion prepared with gemini B.C and cetylalcohol had a viscosity of only <1,300 mPas (shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.).

Example 7 Preparation of O/W Emulsions According to the PTT Method ofthe Subject Invention

Brand Manufacturer CTFA/INCI Nomenclature wt % Phase A Tego Care 450 Th.Polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose 5.00 Goldschmidt distearate Alternative:Gemini A.F or CONDEA Cetyl alcohol 4.00 B.C Henkel 1.00 plus Lanette 16Miglyol 812 N CONDEA Caprylic/capric triglyceride 10.00 Phase BPricerina 9091 Unichema Glycerol 1.50 Demin. water Aquar 18.50 Phase CPricerina 9091 Unichema Glycerin 1.50 Demin. water 60.00 Phase DPhenonip Nipa Phenoxyethanol 0.50 methylparabene, propylparabene,butylparabene Total 100.00Legend:Gemini A.F: R¹ = R³ = C₁₁H₂₃—/C₁₃H₂₇-1 R² = C₂H₄, X = Y =(C₂H₄0—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y); SO₃Na, wherein x = 17, y = 0 (A.I)Preparation of the Emulsion According to the PTT Method

Phase A was heated to 60° C. Phase B was separately heated to 50° C.Phase A then was slowly admixed to phase B with considerablehomogenization. Homogenization was performed for 1 minute. Phases C andD then were admixed with gentle stirring to give a homogeneous product.

The O/W emulsion prepared with Tego Care® 450 had a vis-cosity of 20,000mPa (shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.) and an average droplet size in the rangefrom 2 to 6 μm. This emulsion is depicted in FIG. 1 (1,100 foldmagnification, Normarski interference prisma, viscosity 20,00 mPas,shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.). The average droplet size was in the rangefrom 2 to 6 μm.

The O/W emulsion prepared with gemini A.F and cetyl alcohol is depictedin FIG. 2 (1,100 fold magnification, Normarski interference prisma,viscosity 18,000 mPas, shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.). The O/W emulsionprepared with gemini B.C and cetyl alcohol had a viscosity of 18,000mPas (shear rate 1 s⁻¹, 25° C.). The droplet size was <<1 μm.

The figures demonstrate that the emulsions prepared by the PTT methodusing the surfactant compositions of the subject invention aredistinctly superior to conventional O/W emulsions with respect tofineness and are at least equal regarding rheology. Hence, when usingthe surfactant compositions of the invention, it is possible to producenanoemulsions under gentle conditions and with moderate technicalexpenditure. Furthermore, emulsions produced with the surfactantcompositions of the invention impart a silky touch.

Example 8 Test for Skin Irritation of Human Beings Modified DuhringChamber Test

The formulations defined hereinbelow were prepared according to theaforementioned PTT method and were dermatologically evaluated accordingto the method described by Frosch and Kligman (P. J. Frosch, A. M.Kligman, The Duhring Chamber, Contact Dermatitis, 5 (1979) 73-81; P. J.Frosch, A. M. Kligman, The soap chamber test, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1(1979) 35-41). Model Formulations for the Duhring Chamber TestFormulation No. Brand 0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 Phase A Tegin M 3.00 3.00 3.003.00 Gemini A.F 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gemini A.B 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00Emulgin B1 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 Emulgin B2 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 EmulgadePL1618 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 Lanette O 1.50 0.50 1.50 1.50 Phase B CetiolV 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 Cetiol SN 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 Phase C Water 23.5023.50 23.50 23.50 Glycerol 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Phase D Water 47.35 47.3547.35 47.35 Glycerol 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Phase D1 Keltrol 0.15 0.15 0.150.15 Phase E Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

To marked spots on the volar surface of the forearm there was applied0.05 ml of product using aluminum chambers (Finn Chambers, 12 mm indiameter) containing adequate filter papers. The application schedulewas as follows: 1st day 18 h application - 6 h pause 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5^(th), and 6th day 6 h application - 18 h pause 7th day Pause 8th dayEvaluation

For comparison, water was employed as a non-irritating substance andsodium lauryl sulfate (0.2%) was chosen as an irritating agent. Threemethods were employed for the evaluation: visual (in five steps),chromametry, and measurement of the transepidermal dehydration as anindicator of barrier damage. The ratings of the test substances werenon-irritating, moderately irritating, fairly irritating, and stronglyirritating.

Each of the four test products was found to be nonirritating, bothregarding the degree of redness and the transepidermal dehydration,Statistically, no significant differences were found between theproducts. In contrast thereto, sodium lauryl sulfate produced theirritating effects as expected, thus confirming suitability and correctprocedure of the test method.

1. (canceled)
 2. The surfactant composition of claim 49, characterized in that the surfactant composition comprises (A) 5 to 60 wt %, referring to components (A) and (B), of said gemini surfactant.
 3. The surfactant composition according to claim 49, further comprising (C) at least 0.1 wt % water, referring to the total composition.
 4. A surfactant composition according to claim 49, further comprising (D) at least 0.1 wt % of one or more oil component(s), referring to the total composition.
 5. A surfactant composition according to claim 49, wherein the co-amphiphile is selected from the group consisting of a C₆- to C₄₀-alcohol, a C₆- to C₂₄-carboxylic acid, a sorbitan(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester, a methylglucoside(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester, a sugar(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester, a mono-, di-, or triglyceride of a C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid, a lactic acid- or citric acid-esterified derivative of the mono- or diglycerides of a C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid, a polyglycerol(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester, a propyleneglycol(C₆- to C₂₂-)ester, a vitamin ester, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, lecithin, and mixtures thereof.
 6. A surfactant composition according to claim 49 in the form of an emulsion, characterized in that the co-amphiphiles is present in solid form at 25° C.
 7. A surfactant composition according to claim 49 in the form of a dispersion, characterized in that the co-amphiphiles is present in liquid form at 25° C.
 8. A surfactant composition according to any one of claims 5 or 49, characterized in that at least two different co-amphiphiles are employed.
 9. A surfactant composition according to claim 49, wherein at least one co-amphiphiles is a C₆- to C₄₀-alcohol, a mono-, di-, and triglyceride of C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof.
 10. A surfactant composition according to claim 9, characterized in that the surfactant composition comprises 30 to 50 wt % of C₆- to C₄₀-alcohol, 30 to 50 wt % of a mono-, di-, and triglyceride of a C₆- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid, and mixtures thereof, each referring to the gemini surfactant/co-amphiphile(s) composition.
 11. A surfactant composition according to claim 49 in the form of an emulsion, characterized in that the surfactant composition can be produced by a method (phase transfer temperature (PTT) method), which includes at least the following step: combining (a) a composition (a) comprising the gemini surfactant (A) wherein the composition has a temperature X, with (b) a composition (b) comprising the co-amphiphile (B) wherein the composition has a temperature Y, the temperature Y being greater than temperature X.
 12. The surfactant composition of claim 11, characterized in that the temperature Y is not more than 15° C. higher than the critical phase transfer temperature of the surfactant in composition (b).
 13. Surfactant compositions according to claim 12, characterized in that the temperatures X and Y are different by at least 3° C. 14-15. (canceled)
 16. A surfactant composition according to claim 14, characterized in that the hydrophobic double group comprises a C₆- to C₂₄-hydrocarbon residue each and/or the hydrophilic double (head) group comprises an at least monoalkoxylated residue with a sulfonic acid-, carboxylic acid-, phosphonic acid-, polyalcohol-, or polyalkylene oxide group, or salt thereof.
 17. A surfactant composition according to claim 49 characterized in that the surfactant composition comprises 0.01 to 30 wt % of the components (A) and (B), referring to the total composition. 18-31. (canceled)
 32. The surfactant composition of claim 49 wherein said gemini surfactants is present in an amount of from 10 to 60 wt %.
 33. The surfactant composition of claim 49 wherein said gemini surfactants is present in an amount of from 10 to 50 wt %.
 34. The surfactant composition of claim 5 wherein said alcohol is a C₈- to C₂₄-alcohol.
 35. The surfactant composition of claim 5 wherein said carboxylic acid is a C₈- to C₂₂-carboxylic acid.
 36. The surfactant composition of claim 5 wherein 3 to 5 different co-amphiphiles are employed.
 37. The surfactant composition of claim 9 wherein said alcohol is a C₈- to C₂₄-alcohol.
 38. The surfactant composition of claim 10 wherein said alcohol is a C₈- to C₂₄-alcohol.
 39. The surfactant composition of claim 11 wherein said composition (a) contains water.
 40. The surfactant composition of claim 11 wherein said composition (b) contains an oil component.
 41. The surfactant composition of claim 12 wherein the temperatures X and Y are different by at least 5° C.
 42. The surfactant composition of claim 17 wherein the surfactant composition comprises 0.1 to 6 wt % of the components (A) and (B), referring to the total composition. 43-48. (canceled)
 49. A surfactant composition comprising (A) 1 to 70 wt %, referring to components (A) and (B), of a gemini surfactant having the general formula (A.II).

wherein R¹, R³ are C₅- to C₂₅-alkyl group that can be branched, unbranched, saturated, or unsaturated as far as not adjacently diunsaturated; R² is C₁- to C₁₂-alkylene; X, Y are (C₂H₄O—)_(x)(C₃H₆O—)_(y)—FR; x+y≧1, x: 0-15, y: 0-10; and FR is —SO₃M, —CH₂—CO₂M, —P(O)(OM)₂, H, —C₃H₆SO₃M, —CH₂(CHOH)₄CH₂OH, insofar as x+y=0, wherein M=alkali, (alkyl)ammonium, alkanol ammonium, H, or ½ alkaline earth. (B) referring to the remainder, based on the total of components (A) and (B), one or more co-amphiphile(s) having an HLB value of less than or equal to
 6. 